Direct code
SELECT
id,
koto
FROM
hitokoto
WHERE
koto IN (SELECT t1.koto FROM hitokoto t1 GROUP BY t1.koto HAVING COUNT(1) > 1)
AND id NOT IN (SELECT MIN(id) FROM hitokoto t1 GROUP BY t1.koto HAVING COUNT(1) > 1)
Remove the same koto and leave the smallest id.
Find all rows that are the same, find the smallest ones, then not in
.
Seems a bit slow.